The India after independence

 A New and Divided Nation textbook?

- Jab India ne August 1947 mein independence hasil ki, toh uske saamne kai bade challenges khade ho gaye the. 

• Sabse pehle, Partition ke baad 8 million refugees naye Pakistan se India aaye. Yeh log apne ghar aur naukri kho chuke the, toh unke liye naye homes aur jobs arrange karna zaroori tha. 

• Dusra challenge tha princely states ka - karib 500 princely states the, jinko ek maharaja ya nawab rule karte the. In sabko naye India mein shamil hone ke liye convince karna bhi zaroori tha. 

• theesra challenge tha 1947 mein India ki population kaafi badi thi - lagbhag 345 million. Yeh log kaafi divided bhi the. Kuch divisions high caste aur low caste ke beech the, kuch divisions Hindu community aur doosre faiths ko follow karne wale Indians ke beech the. Alag-alag languages bolne wale, alag dress pehne wale, alag khaane wale aur alag professions mein involved log is desh ke citizens the. In sabko ek nation-state mein shamil karna tha.

• 4th challenge development ka tha. Independence ke time, zyada tar Indians villages mein rehte the. Farmers aur peasants ka jeevan monsoon par depend karta tha, kyunki agar fasal kharab ho gayi, toh sirf kisan hi nahi, balke barbers, carpenters, weavers aur doosre service groups ko bhi payment nahi milti thi, kyunki gaon ki economy bhi farming par depend karti thi. Shehron mein factory workers bheed-bhaad wale slums mein rehte the, jahan unke paas education aur healthcare ki kami thi. Isme agriculture ki productivity badhana aur naye jobs dene wale industries ko promote karna shamil tha takhi proverty kam ho.

• 5th challenge tha conflicts khatam karna. Agar alag-alag groups ke beech ka difference door nahi kiya gaya, toh yeh violent aur costly conflicts mein badal sakta tha - jaise high caste aur low caste ke beech mein, ya Hindus aur Muslims ke beech mein conflicts. Saath hi, agar economic development ka fayda sab tak nahi pohoncha, toh naye conflicts create ho sakte the - jaise rich aur poor ke beech, cities aur countryside ke beech, aur India ke alag-alag regions ke beech.

A Constitution is Written Textbook?

• December 1946 se November 1949 tak, lagbhag 300 Indians ne desh ke political future par discussions kiye. Yeh meetings "Constituent Assembly" ki thi aur New Delhi mein hui, lekin yeh log India ke alag-alag hisso aur political parties se aaye the. In discussions ke baad Indian Constitution frame kiya gaya, jo 26 January 1950 ko adopt kiya gaya.

- Constitution features: 

• Constitution ka ek khas feature universal adult franchise ka adoption tha. Matlab, 21 saal se upar ke sab Indians ko state aur national elections mein vote dene ka adhikar diya gaya. isse pehle Indians ko apne leaders choose karne ka adhikar nahi tha. Duniya ke doosre deshon mein jaise United Kingdom aur United States mein, voting rights dheere-dheere diye gaye the. Pehle sirf property wale aadmi ko vote dene ka right mila. Phir educated men ko bhi add kiya gaya. Working-class men ko bhi yeh adhikar milne mein lambi struggle ka saamna karna pada. Aur finally, British aur American women ko bhi kaafi struggle ke baad yeh right mila. Lekin India ne Independence ke turant baad sabhi citizens ko, chahe unka gender, class ya education kuch bhi ho, voting ka right de diya.

• Constitution ka doosra feature yeh tha ki isne sabhi citizens ke liye equality before the law ko guarantee kiya, chahe unka caste ya religious affiliation kuch bhi ho. Kuch Indians yeh chahte the ke naye desh ka political system Hindu ideals par based ho aur India ek Hindu state ke roop mein chale. Wo Pakistan ka example dete, jo specifically Muslims ke interests ko protect aur further karne ke liye bana tha. Lekin Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru ka maanna tha ki India ek "Hindu Pakistan" nahi ban sakta aur na hi banana chahiye.

India mein Muslims ke alawa Sikhs, Christians, Parsis aur Jains bhi the jo kaafi large populations mein the. Naye Constitution ke tahat in sab ko bhi Hindus ke barabar rights diye gaye – chahe government mein jobs lene ka mauka ho ya private sector mein, sabko same opportunities aur same rights mile.

• Constitution ka teesra feature tha  Untouchability, jo ek “slur aur blot” kehlaya gaya India ke naam par, usse abolish kar diya gaya. Hindu temples, jo pehle sirf higher castes ke liye open the, ab sabke liye khol diye gaye, including former untouchables. Lambi debate ke baad Constituent Assembly ne yeh bhi recommend kiya ke legislatures mein aur government jobs mein lowest castes ke logon ke liye kuch percentage of seats reserve kiye jayein. Ye isliye zaroori thi kyunki naye India mein unity aur equality dono ko establish karna tha, aur sabko aage badhne ka barabar ka mauka dena tha.

Kuch logon ne yeh kaha ke untouchable, jo ab Harijan kehlaate the, candidates ke paas Indian Administrative Service mein aane ke liye ache grades nahi hote the. Lekin H.J. Khandekar, jo Constituent Assembly ke ek member the, unhone kaha ke is situation ke liye upper castes zimmedar hain. Unhone apne privileged colleagues ko address karte hue kaha:

"Humein hazaron saalon tak dabaya gaya. Aapne humein apne kaamon mein lagaya, apne faayde ke liye, aur humein itna dabaya ke na hamare minds, na hamare bodies aur na hamare hearts work karte hain, aur na hi hum aage badhne ki kshamata rakhte hain."

Former Untouchables ke saath-saath adivasis ya Scheduled Tribes ko bhi seats aur jobs mein reservation diya gaya. Jaise Scheduled Castes ko discrimination ka saamna karna pada tha, waise hi adivasis ko bhi deprivation aur discrimination jhelni padi. Tribals ko modern health care aur education se door rakha gaya tha, aur unke zameen aur forests bhi powerful outsiders ne cheen liye the. Constitution mein unko jo naye privileges diye gaye, unka maqsad yeh injustices ko thoda kam karna tha.

• Constituent Assembly mein bohot din tak central government aur state governments ke powers par discussions hue. Kuch members ka maanna tha ki Centre ka interest sabse pehle hona chahiye. Unhone kaha ke sirf ek strong Centre hi desh ke welfare aur planning ke liye sahi tareeke se kaam kar sakta hai. Dusri taraf, kuch members chahte the ke provinces ko zyada autonomy aur freedom mile. 

Mysore se ek member ko yeh dar tha ke ab jo system hai, usme "democracy sirf Delhi mein centre ho gayi hai aur poore desh mein uska asar nahi hai." Madras ke ek member ne kaha ke "provinces ke logon ki well-being ke liye initial responsibility Provincial Governments ki honi chahiye."

Kyunki naye Bharat ko balance aur unity ke saath develop karna tha, jahan Centre aur States dono apna role achi tarah nibha sakein.

Constitution ne state or central ko balance karne ke liye subjects ko teen lists mein divide kiya. Pehla, Union List, jisme taxes, defence aur foreign affairs jaise subjects include kiye gaye, jo sirf Centre ke under rahenge. Dusra, State List, jisme education aur health jaise subjects hain, jo states ke control mein rahenge. Aur teesra, Concurrent List, jisme forests aur agriculture jaise subjects hain, jisme Centre aur states dono ki joint responsibility hogi.

• Constituent Assembly mein kaafi members ka maanna tha ki English language ko British rulers ke saath hi India se nikal jaana chahiye aur uski jagah Hindi ko lana chahiye. Lekin jo log Hindi nahi bolte the, unka opinion alag tha. Assembly mein T.T. Krishnamachari ne “South ke logon ki taraf se ek warning” di aur kaha ke agar Hindi un par impose ki gayi, toh kuch log India se alag hone tak ki dhamki de rahe hain. Iska solution ye nikala gaya ki Hindi ko India ki “official language” banaya gaya, lekin courts, services aur alag-alag states ke beech ke communication mein English ka istemal continue hoga.

• India ke Constitution ke framing mein kai Indians ne apna yogdan diya, lekin sabse important role Dr. B.R. Ambedkar ka tha, jo Drafting Committee ke Chairman the aur unke supervision mein hi yeh document finalise hua. Apne final speech mein Dr. Ambedkar ne ye point out kiya ki political democracy ke saath economic aur social democracy bhi zaroori hai. Sirf voting ka right dene se automatically society mein jo doosri inequalities hain, jaise rich aur poor ke beech, ya upper aur lower castes ke beech, woh khatam nahi ho jaayengi.

Dr. Ambedkar ka kehna tha ki naye Constitution ke saath India ek contradiction, se guzar raha hai. Iska matlab ye hai ki politics mein toh humein equality milegi—sabko voting ka barabar ka haq milega, chahe wo kisi bhi caste, religion, ya economic background se ho. Lekin society aur economy mein ab bhi inequality, yaani asamaanata, bani rahegi.

Jaise, politics mein "one man, one vote, one value" ka principle follow kiya jayega—matlab har insaan ka vote ek hi value rakhta hai, chahe wo ameer ho ya gareeb. Lekin, society aur economic structure mein ab bhi differences hain. Jaise, kuch log zyada ameer hain aur kuch log gareeb, kuch logon ko unka caste ya social status ke wajah se zyada izzat aur suvidha milti hai, aur kuch log abaadi mein peeche chhod diye gaye hain.

Dr. Ambedkar yeh kehna chahte the ki sirf political democracy (jismein sabko vote dene ka adhikar hai) se sabhi tarah ki inequality khatam nahi hogi. Asli equality tabhi aayegi jab society aur economy mein bhi fairness aaye, taaki har vyakti ko barabar ka mauka aur respect mile.  Aaj bhi relevant hai kyunki humein political ke saath-saath social aur economic democracy bhi lana hoga agar hum sach mein barabar aur samarth Bharat banana chahte hain.

How were States to be Formed? Textbook? 

- 1920s mein, Indian National Congress, jo azadi ki movement ka main party tha, ne vaada kiya tha ki jab desh ko independence milega, toh har major linguistic group ke liye apna province hoga. Lekin, independence ke baad Congress ne is vaade ko poora karne ke liye koi kadam nahi uthaya. 

Jab India ko azadi mili, tab desh ko Hindu aur Muslim ke adhar par do hisso mein baanta gaya, jisay hum Partition kehte hain. Is wajah se bahut bade riots hue, jismein ek million se zyada log mare gaye. 

- Jawaharlal Nehru (Prime Minister) aur Vallabhbhai Patel (Deputy Prime Minister) dono yeh nahi chahte the ki desh ko bhasha (linguistic) ke aadhar par aur divide kiya jaye. Unka kehna tha ki aise karne se desh mein aur bhi division ho sakta hai, jo bilkul theek nahi hoga.

Nehru ne kaha ki is waqt desh ko ek strong aur united hona chahiye. Patel ne is par kaha ki har aisi cheez, jo nationalism (rashtravaad) ko badhawa de, usko support karna chahiye, aur jo isme rukawat daale, usse reject karna chahiye. Agar linguistic states banaye gaye, toh alag-alag bhasha bolne wale log ek dusre se alag ho jayenge, jo desh ki unity ke liye achha nahi hoga. Isliye, unhone aisa nahi karne ka faisla kiya.

- Congress leaders ne jo vaada kiya tha ki jab desh azaad hoga, toh bhasha ke aadhar par alag-alag rajya banaye jayenge. Jab unhone is vaade se mukh mudiya, toh logon mein naraazgi hui. Kannada, Malayalam, aur Marathi bolne wale log apne liye alag rajya ki ummeed kar rahe the.

Lekin, Telugu bolne wale log sabse zyada protest kar rahe the, khaas taur par Madras Presidency ke Telugu-speaking districts mein. Jab Nehru wahan general elections ke dauraan gaye, unhe black flags aur slogans ka samna karna pada, jismein likha tha "We want Andhra".

Is protest ko aage badhane ke liye, ek veteran Gandhian, Potti Sriramulu, ne hunger fast shuru kiya. Unka maqsad Andhra state banane ki maang karna tha, taaki Telugu speakers ke hiton ki raksha ki ja sake. Unka fast bahut lokpriya hua, aur iske dauran kai hartals (bandh) aur bandhs (hartals) bhi kiye gaye.

15 December 1952 ko, Sriramulu ne apne fast ke 58 din baad apni jaan de di. Unki maut ne Andhra Pradesh mein kaafi chaos (afra-tafri) macha diya. Unki maut ki khabar se itne bade protests hue ki central government ko is maang ko maan lena pada.

Is sabke baad, 1 October 1953 ko, Andhra Pradesh naam ka ek naya rajya bana diya gaya. Yeh Telugu bolne wale logon ki maang ka nateeja tha.

- Andhra Pradesh ke baad, doosre bhasha samudaay bhi apne liye alag rajya ki maang karne lage. Yeh samajhna zaroori hai ki logon ki bhasha unki pehchaan ka ek bada hissa hai, aur is wajah se unhone apne liye alag rajya chaha.

Is maang ko dekhte hue, ek States Reorganisation Commission banaaya gaya, jise 1956 mein report submit karne ke liye kaha gaya. Is report mein ye recommend kiya gaya ki district aur provincial boundaries ko phir se tay kiya jaye, taaki Assamese, Bengali, Oriya, Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada aur Telugu bolne walon ke liye compact provinces banaye ja sakein.

North India ke bada Hindi-speaking kshetra ko bhi kuch rajyon mein baant diya gaya. Iska matlab hai ki bhasha ke aadhar par rajya banane ki prakriya ko aage badhaya gaya.

Thodi der baad, 1960 mein, bilingual state Bombay ko do alag rajyon mein baant diya gaya: ek Marathi bolne walon ke liye aur doosra Gujarati bolne walon ke liye.

1966 mein, Punjab ko bhi do rajyon mein baant diya gaya: Punjab aur Haryana. Punjab ko Punjabi bolne walon ke liye banaaya gaya (jo zyada tar Sikhs the), jabki Haryana un logon ke liye banaaya gaya jo Punjabi nahi bolte the, balki Haryanvi ya Hindi bolte the.

Planning for Development textbook? 

1950 mein sarkar ne ek Planning Commission ka gathan kiya, jiska kaam economic development ke liye suitable policies design aur unhe execute karna tha. Is dauraan ek “mixed economy” model par agreement bana, jisme sarkar aur private sector dono ko production badhane aur jobs generate karne mein important roles diye gaye. Planning Commission ko yeh tay karna tha ki kis industry ko sarkar shuru karegi aur kis industry ko market, shuru karega, aur saath hi alag-alag regions aur states ke beech kis tarah ka balance achieve kiya ja sake. 

1956 mein, Second Five Year Plan ko formulate kiya gaya, jiska focus heavy industries jaise steel aur bade dams ki construction par tha. In sectors par sarkar ka control hoga. 

- Is approach ke bahut saare supporters the, lekin kuch log iske khilaf bhi the:

• Agriculture Neglect: Kuch logon ko laga ki is plan ne kheti (agriculture) par itna dhyan nahi diya.

• Education Neglect: Dusre logon ne kaha ki isne primary education ko ignore kiya.

• Environment: Aur kuch logon ne yeh kaha ki economic policies ne environment par kya asar hoga, uska khayal nahi rakha gaya.

Mira Behn Ka Vichar: Mahatma Gandhi ki follower, Mira Behn ne kaha ki science aur machinery se hum kuch samay ke liye achhe results le sakte hain, lekin agar hum nature ki balance ko nahi samjhenge, toh ant mein humein nuksan hoga. Unka kehna tha ki humein nature ke laws ke according chalna chahiye, taaki hum healthy aur morally good insaan ban sakein.

The Nation, Sixty Years On Textbook?

1. 60 Saal ki Celebration: 15 August 2007 ko Bharat ne apni azaadi ke 60 saal ka jashn manaaya. Yeh dekhna tha ki is dauraan Bharat ne kitni tarakki ki aur apne Constitution ke ideals ko kitna pura kiya.

2. Unity Aur Democracy: Bharat ki unity aur democracy ko lekar log khush hain. Bahut se videshi observers ne socha tha ki Bharat ek saath nahi rah payega, aur yeh kai alag-alag hisson mein baat jayega, ya har region ya linguistic group apna alag desh banane ki koshish karega. Lekin aisa nahi hua.

3. General Elections: Bharat ne independence ke baad 13 baar general elections kiye hain. Iske alawa, hazaron rajya aur local elections bhi hue hain. Yeh dikhata hai ki Bharat mein democracy kaafi strong hai.

4. Free Press Aur Judiciary: Bharat mein ek free press hai, matlab log apne vichar vyakt kar sakte hain bina kisi dar ke. Saath hi, judiciary independent hai, jo ki ek healthy democracy ki nishani hai.

5. Cultural Diversity: Yeh bhi zaroori hai ki alag-alag bhasha bolne waale aur dharm parhne waale logon ke beech ekta hai. Yeh diversity Bharat ki strength hai aur isne national unity ko prabhavit nahi kiya.

1. Deep Divisions: Bharat mein ab bhi gehri divisions hain, matlab logon ke beech bade faasle hain. Dalits, jo pehle Untouchables kehlate the, unhe aaj bhi samasyaen hain, jaise ki unhe violence (hinsa) aur discrimination (bhedbhav) ka samna karna padta hai.

2. Access ki Samasya: Kai gaon mein, Dalits ko paani, mandir, parks aur anya public jagahon ka istemal nahi karne diya jaata. Iska matlab hai ki unhein basic facilities nahi milti hain.

3. Dharmik Bhedbhav: Constitution mein sabhi dharmon ka samman karne ki baat kahi gayi hai, lekin alag-alag dharmik samudayon ke beech clashes (jhagde) hote hain. Yeh samaj mein ekta ko khatam karte hain.

4. Ameer aur Gareeb: Samay ke saath, ameer log aur gareeb logon ke beech ka faasla badh gaya hai. Kuch log bahut ameer hain, bade ghar mein rehte hain, mehengi restaurants mein khana khate hain, aur ache schools mein apne bachchon ko bhejte hain.

5. Gareebi: Lekin bahut se log ab bhi gareeb hain. Woh urban slums (shehron ke gareeb ilaake) mein rehte hain ya door ke gaon mein, jahan unka zameen khud kuch nahi deta. Unke paas apne bachchon ko school bhejne ki bhi paise nahi hain.

6. Kanooni Barabari ka Paradox: Constitution mein sabhi ke liye barabari ka vaada hai, lekin asal mein kuch log dusron se zyada barabar hain. Matlab, sabko barabar samjha jaata hai, lekin kuch logon ko zyada suvidha milti hai. Agar hum dekhein ki Bharat ne Independence ke waqt jo vaade kiye the, unke aadhar par, to kuch log keh rahe hain ki Bharat ki safalta itni achhi nahi hai. Lekin yeh bhi kehna galat hoga ki yeh puri tarah se asafal hai.